1. Common type of pest problems to be controlled by fumigation

Stored Product Pest (SPP) : to control pests such as grain beetle, meal moth etc. in commodities, silo, warehouse and food processing plants etc..

Wood Deteriorate Insect (WDI) : to control pests such as termites, wood borers that occur generally in wooden material.

Vertebrate pests: to control rat that may occur inside cargo containers, vessels etc..

 2. Fumigation Application

2.1 Type of fumigation application

	Type	Examples
1	Structural fumigation	To control Drywood termite in wooden structure.
2	Grain storage fumigation	To control stored product pests in grain storage etc..
3	Tarpaulin fumigation	To control insects in commodities.
4	Container fumigation	To control pests in cargo containers etc..
5	Ship fumigation	To control pests inside vessel

2.2 Common fumigant used

Methyl bromide (Mbr)

Aluminum / Magnesium phosphine (Ph3)

	Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2)
	Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (45-60% CO2 or mixture with Mbr or under pressure)
	Nitrogen (N2)
	ECO2 fume (mixture of CO2, Ph3 with heat)

3. Features of Alternative Pest Control & Management Program

Modern pest monitoring system for stored product pest (SPP), termite and rodent to be provided both indoor and outdoor of premises to identify early signs of pest infestation.

	Effective control program for SPP including the use of pheromone traps and ULV fogging with food-grade / EPA approval insecticide.
	Effective rodent monitoring and control program to be provided both indoor and outdoor of premises by either mechanical devices or non-poisonous bait stations.